S. Lenzoni, G. Guruprasath, A. Zhunussova, M. Leiman, M. Ludwig, L. Penalba Sánchez, D. Hämmerer

Neurochemical modulation of executive functions in the human brain is complex. While a lot still remains unknown, also concerning interactions and collaborations among neurochemical modulators as well as population-specific optimal dose-response relationships, some initial insights on the neurochemistry of executive functions exist. Fronto-striatal as well as hippocampal levels of dopamine are modulating working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibition. Noradrenaline and acetylcholine support the regulation of attention via action on frontal as well as sensory areas. Higher prefrontal levels of serotonin are detrimental for working memory and inhibition. Higher prefrontal levels of glutamate and GABA benefit working memory and response inhibition, respectively.

Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, 2nd Ed. 57-80 (2025)